Subject(s)
Dissent and Disputes , Gross Domestic Product , Sustainable Development , Sustainable Development/economics , Sustainable Development/legislation & jurisprudence , Sustainable Development/trends , Gross Domestic Product/history , Gross Domestic Product/legislation & jurisprudence , Gross Domestic Product/trends , History, 20th Century , History, 21st CenturySubject(s)
Conservation of Natural Resources , Economic Development , Gross Domestic Product , Public Health , Sustainable Growth , Conservation of Natural Resources/legislation & jurisprudence , Conservation of Natural Resources/trends , Economic Development/legislation & jurisprudence , Economic Development/trends , Gross Domestic Product/legislation & jurisprudence , Gross Domestic Product/trends , Public Health/legislation & jurisprudence , Public Health/trendsABSTRACT
Economic cycles may lead to changes in corporate bond credit ratings. This paper utilizes the Markov model to describe transition probability matrixes of economic states for the separation of economic cycles. We develop a new model, which we term the Markov rating shopping dual reputation model, incorporating two reputation effects. This model is well suited to analyze the conditions of the dual rating incentive regulation and the constraint regulation for preventing rating inflation in collusion among credit rating agencies. Then, we apply the Markov regime switching-vector auto-regression (MS-VAR) to estimate the transition probability matrixes of America, England, Japan and China. Based on the numerical analysis and the simulations, the results show that a dual rating regulation can prevent the collusion of inflated ratings, as well as increased rating fees with the separation of economic cycles; additionally, when separating the economic cycles, a constraint regulation is more effective at reducing the risk of rating inflation in collusion and regulatory cost.
Subject(s)
Gross Domestic Product/legislation & jurisprudence , Inflation, Economic/legislation & jurisprudence , Models, Economic , China , England , Humans , Japan , Markov Chains , United StatesSubject(s)
Aging , Cooperative Behavior , Gross Domestic Product/trends , International Cooperation , Work/trends , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Australia , Economic Development/trends , Government Regulation , Gross Domestic Product/legislation & jurisprudence , Humans , Manufacturing Industry/trends , Middle Aged , Policy Making , Politics , Retirement/trends , Time Factors , Work/economics , Work/legislation & jurisprudence , Young AdultSubject(s)
Gross Domestic Product , Health Care Costs , Health Care Reform/economics , Cost Savings , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Financing, Government , Government Regulation , Gross Domestic Product/legislation & jurisprudence , Health Care Costs/legislation & jurisprudence , Health Care Reform/ethics , Health Services Accessibility/economics , Humans , Quality of Health Care , United StatesSubject(s)
Happiness , Policy Making , Public Policy/legislation & jurisprudence , Quality of Life/legislation & jurisprudence , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Data Collection , Economic Development/legislation & jurisprudence , Employment/psychology , Employment/statistics & numerical data , Gross Domestic Product/legislation & jurisprudence , Humans , Internationality , Politics , Quality of Life/psychologyABSTRACT
Desde el informe de Norman en 1963, los accidentes de tránsito parecen relacionarse con el "progreso". Se compararon las tasas de mortalidad por accidentes de tránsito en Venezuela, entre 1970 y 1986, con los valores del producto interno bruto (P.B.I.) de los mismos años. Un brote epidémico se registró entre dichos años con pico alrededor de 1978 y 1980. Utilizando el procedimiento estratificado se estimaron dos líneas de regresión entre el P.I.B. y las tasas, cuyos coeficientes de regresión difieren estadísticamente de cero. De acuerdo a los respectivos coeficientes de determinación, la variación del P.I.B. parece "explicar" entre el 90 y el 95 por ciento de la variación de las tasas de mortalidad por accidentes de tránsito.
